If you use bash you already know what Parameter Expansion is, although you may have used it without knowing its name. Anytime you use a dollar sign followed by a variable name you're doing what bash calls Parameter expansion, eg echo $a or a=$b. But parameter expansion has numerous other forms which allow you to expand a parameter and modify the value or substitute other values in the expansion process.

Parameter expansion comes in many forms in bash, the simplest is just a dollar sign followed by a name, eg $a. This form merely substitutes the value of the variable in place of the parameter expansion expression. The variable name can also optionally be surround by braces, eg ${a}. If the variable name is immediately followed by characters that could be part of a variable name then the braces are needed to delimit the variable name, for example if you remove the braces from echo ${a}bc bash will try to expand the variable "abc" rather than "a".

One useful form of parameter expansion is to use a default value for a variable if it is not set. This is done with the syntax: ${VAR:-DFLT}. You might use this to allow your code to be modified via variables from the environment. Consider the following from a script, call it test.sh:

  TEST_MODE=${TEST_MODE:-0}
  ...
  if [[ $TEST_MODE -eq 0 ]]; then
      echo "Running in live mode"
  else
      echo "Running in test mode"
  fi

Normally the script runs in "live" mode but if you run it via:

  $ env TEST_MODE=1 sh test.sh

it runs in test mode.

You might also use the default value expansion with command line arguments or values from a config file, for example:

  # set cmd_param_x to 1 if seen on the command line
  ...
  if [[ ${cmd_param_x:-0} -eq 0 ]]; then
      echo "-x not specified"
  else
      echo "-x specified"
  fi

Another useful form of parameter expansion is to expand a variable and do string substitution on the value using the form ${VAR/search/replace}. For example:

  VAR=aabbcc
  echo ${VAR/b/-dd-}

outputs "aa-dd-bcc". Note that only the first instance of the search string is replaced, if you want to replace all instances use a double slash:

  VAR=aabbcc
  echo ${VAR//b/-dd-}

which now outputs "aa-dd--dd-cc".

There are also expansions for removing prefixes and suffixes. The form ${VAR#pattern} removes any prefix from the expanded value that matches the pattern. The removed prefix is the shortest matching prefix, if you use double pound-signs/hash-marks the longest matching prefix is removed. Similarily, the form ${VAR%pattern} removes a matching suffix (single percent for the shortest suffix, double for the longest). For example:

  file=data.txt
  echo ${file%.*}
  echo ${file#*.}

outputs the file base and extension respectively ("data" and "txt").

Note: if you have trouble remembering which is which of these two syntaxes, the "#" is to the left of the "%" key on your keyboard, just as prefixes come before suffixes. Also note that these are glob patterns not regular expressions.

Another expansion that exists is to extract substrings from the expanded value using the form ${VAR:offset:length}. This works in the expected form: offsets start at zero, if you don't specify a length it goes to the end of the string. For example:

  str=abcdefgh
  echo ${str:0:1}
  echo ${str:1}

outputs "a" and "bcdefgh".

This form also accepts negative offsets which count backwards from the end of the string. So this:

  str=abcdefgh
  echo ${str:-3:2}

produces "abcdefgh"... oops, what happened there? What happened was that bash misinterpretted what we wanted because the expansion looks like a default value expansion: ${VAR:-DFLT}. First time I tried this I stared at it for quite a while before a light came on as to how to do it (without using a variable [see below]):

  str=abcdefgh
  echo ${str:$((-3)):2}

which outputs the desired value "fg". The "$((...))" causes bash to treat the value as an arithmetic expansion (ie a number). Another slightly longer way of doing this is:

  str=abcdefgh
  i=-3
  echo ${str:$i:2}

The final form of parameter expansion I want to mention is one which simply expands to the length of the variable's value, its form is ${#VAR}. So for example:

  str=abcdef
  echo ${#str}

outputs "6".

Using these forms of parameter expansion in your shell scripts can simplify and shorten your scripts. These are not the only forms of parameter expansion that bash supports but they're the ones that I've found most useful over time. For more information see the "Parameter Expansion" section of the bash man page.

p.s. Note that all of the above forms of parameter expansion also work with bash's Special parameters: "$$", "$0", "$1", etc.