UpFront

1. Millions of developers in the world: 15.2

2. Number of lines of code produced per developer per day: 10

3. Millions of lines of code produced per year by all developers: 31,616.0

4. Millions of lines of code produced per minute by all developers: 0.32

5. Millions of lines of code in kernel version 2.6.32: 12.99

6. Minutes required to rewrite the Linux kernel if all developers pitched in: 41

7. Millions of lines of code in the average Linux distro: 204.50

8. Hours required to rewrite the average Linux distro if all developers pitched in: 10.6

9. Number of the top 10 fastest computers in the world that run Linux: 10

10. Number of the top 10 fastest computers in the world that run UNIX: 0

11. Number of the top 10 fastest computers in the world that run Microsoft Windows: 0

12. Number of the top 10 fastest computers in the world built by Cray: 2

13. Number of the top 10 fastest computers in the world built by IBM: 4

14. Number of the top 10 fastest computers in the world built by Sun: 2

15. Number of the top 10 fastest computers in the world built by SGI: 1

16. Number of the top 10 fastest computers in the world built by NUDT (China): 1

17. Teraflop speed of world's fastest computer (Cray Jaguar at ORNL): 1,750

18. Terabytes of memory in the world's fastest computer: 362

19. Petabytes of disk storage in the world's fastest computer: 10

20. Number of Opteron processor cores in the fastest computer in the world: 224,256

1: Evans Data

2: Frederick P. Brooks in “The Mythical Man Month”

3: #1 * #2 * 208 (208 working days/year)

4: #1 * #2 / 8 / 60 (8-hour workday)

5: www.h-online.com

6: #5 / #4

7: Linux Foundation

8: #6 * #4 / 60

9–16: TOP500

17–20: www.ornl.gov

Many Linux distributions use some form of packaging system to organize applications installed on a system. A formal packaging system lets you install, remove and, in general, maintain your software in a controlled and coherent way. The three main packaging systems that most distributions currently use are the Debian deb package, the Red Hat rpm package and the Slackware pkg package. They all have graphical utilities to interact with the packaging system, but what if you want to deal with the system on the command line? What if you're running a server or accessing a distant machine through SSH and don't want to deal with the overhead of X11? Let's look at how to do this for Debian-based systems.

First, you probably will want to install some software. The preferred way to do this is with the apt-get utility. apt-get is aware of the chain of dependencies between packages. If you want to install stellarium, simply run apt-get install stellarium, which downloads the relevant package file and all of its dependencies from a repository. What if you don't know the exact package name? Use the dpkg-query utility to query the package management system. So, if you know the package name has “kde” in it, you can list all the matching packages with dpkg-query -l "*kde*". Remember, quote any search strings that have an asterisk (*), so you don't inadvertently make the shell try to expand them.

This works great for software available in the given repository. But, what if you want something not available? If you have a .deb file available for download, you can download it and install it manually. After downloading the file, install it by running dpkg -i file_to_install.deb.

dpkg works with the deb packaging system at a lower level than apt-get. With it, you can install, remove and maintain individual packages. If you have a group of packages to install, you might want to add the relevant repository to your list so that apt-get knows about it. The list of repositories is stored in the configuration file /etc/apt/sources.list. Each line has the form:

deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic main restricted

The first field tells apt-get what is available at this repository: deb is for binary packages and deb-src is for source packages. The second field is the URL to the repository (here, the Ubuntu repository). The third field is the repository name (in this case, the repository for Ubuntu's karmic version). The last fields are the sections from which to install packages. This example looks at the main and restricted sections when trying to install applications or resolve dependencies.

Now that you have installed some applications, you probably want to maintain and keep them updated, because every piece of software will have bugs or security issues that come to light over time. Developers always are releasing new versions to fix those issues and updating the relevant packages in the repositories. To update the list of software and versions on your system, run apt-get update. Once you've updated the list, tell apt-get to install the updates with apt-get upgrade. If you want a list of what is about to be upgraded, add the -u option: apt-get upgrade -u.

Sometimes, when a new version for a package comes out (like when a distribution releases a new version), the dependencies for said package might change too. In such cases, a straight upgrade might be confused, so use apt-get dist-upgrade. This command tries to deal with these changes in dependencies intelligently, adding and removing packages as necessary.

What if you've installed a package just to try it out and don't want it anymore? Remove a package with apt-get remove stellarium. This removes all the files installed as part of the stellarium package, but it leaves any configuration files intact and also doesn't deal with any extra packages installed because stellarium depended on them. If you want to remove a package completely, including all configuration files, run apt-get purge stellarium.

Installing and removing all this software can result in space-wasting cruft accumulating on your system. To recover some space, run apt-get autoclean. This removes the package .deb files from the local cache for packages that no longer can be downloaded (mostly useless packages). If you want to clean out the local cache completely and recover more space, run apt-get clean.

Although remove and purge will remove a package, what can you do about any dependencies installed for this package? If you run apt-get autoremove, you can uninstall all packages that were installed as dependencies for other packages and aren't needed anymore.

Another way of finding packages that are no longer needed is with the deborphan utility. First, you need to install it, with apt-get install deborphan. (Most distributions don't install it by default.) Once installed, running it with no command-line options gives a list of all packages in the libs and oldlibs sections that have no dependencies. Because no other package depends on those packages, you safely can use apt-get to remove or purge them. If you want to look in all sections, use the -a option. If you're trying to save space, ask deborphan to print out the installed sizes for these orphan packages by using the -z option. Then, you can sort them with deborphan -z -a | sort -n, which gives a list of packages you can safely uninstall, sorted by installed size from smallest to largest.

Each of the tools discussed above has many other options that you should research in the relevant man pages. Also, Red Hat-based systems have equivalent commands to help you manage rpm files.

Paul E. McKenney has worked up a patch to include a more precise version number in the config data, so if you're running a kernel built from a git repository, you'll be able to identify the source tree precisely, even if it's in between officially released versions. In this case, the version number will look something like 2.6.33-01836-g90a6501. Isn't it beautiful? His code actually went through numerous revisions to make sure it derived the version number in a safe way that wouldn't cause other scripts to choke and to give users the option of setting environment variables to control whether full version information should be included.

Dave Young has posted patches to change the patch submission documentation to list Gmail as no longer useful for sending patches. In the past, Gmail apparently could be made to send patches cleanly by jumping through a couple hoops, but now that's no longer the case. Gmail converts tabs to spaces, automatically wraps long lines and will 64-bit encode messages that have non-ASCII characters. Any one of those features would be enough to corrupt a patch file. Now, it's possible to configure Firefox to edit the e-mail with an external editor, and in the past, Gmail would send the edited text instead of using its own editor. But, with the introduction of the line-wrapping feature, Gmail apparently wraps lines even when an external editor is used. The documentation used to explain the workaround involving the external editor, but Dave's patch now simply lists the various issues and states that Gmail shouldn't be used for sending patches to the linux-kernel mailing list.

Eric W. Biederman has changed the way /dev/console is created. The old way was to wait until the filesystem containing the /dev directory had been mounted and then mount /dev/console there. The problem with that is if you ever want to unmount the filesystem, you can run into problems if /dev/console is still open. Eric's patch mounts /dev/console as part of rootfs—still in the same location, still called /dev/console, but just as part of rootfs instead of whatever filesystem you choose to mount for your running system. Very, very few power users may have to adjust the way they do things slightly as a result of this patch. Everyone else should notice nothing at all, or they may notice in some situations, certain problems that used to crop up don't anymore.

Christine Caulfield has marked herself as no longer maintaining the DECnet networking layer and has marked that code as orphaned instead of maintained. With the decnet mailing list totally silent, her theory is that the only users are running older kernels and are happy with it as is. The DECnet networking protocols originally were used in the 1970s to connect PDP-11s. They were published as open standards, paving the way for Linux's DECnet implementation decades later.

Whether you think making each program have its own installer is a bug or a feature, in the Windows world, it's the norm. So, if you're porting open-source code to Windows, at some point, you have to think about creating an installer.

Inno Setup is a free and open-source installer for Windows programs. It's been around since 1997 and is written in Delphi Pascal. Inno Setup is driven by a script that you provide, allowing Inno Setup to create an installer for your program. The script is much like an INI file. You provide simple name/value pairs that drive the creation of the installer. For more complex scenarios, Inno Setup contains its own built-in Pascal compiler for creating real “code” sections in the script.

Inno Setup has a long list of supported features: support for 64-bit applications, customizable setup types, integrated uncompressing of installed files, creation of shortcuts, creation of registry entries, running programs before/during/after the install, password protection, digital signing and much more. See the Web site (www.jrsoftware.org/isinfo.php) for more information.

Inno Setup runs on all modern versions of Windows. It creates an uninstaller as well as an installer and packages it all up in a single EXE for easy distribution. At the time of this writing, Inno Setup is at version 5.3.8, released February 18, 2010.

Inno Setup Install Script

This is LJ's Distribution issue, and it seems fair to note that programs like GRUB aren't only for those of us with one foot in the Windows world. Did you know you can run Fedora and Ubuntu on the same machine? Did you know you can run Fedora 10, Fedora 12, Ubuntu 8.04, Ubuntu 9.10, Slackware and Linux Mint all on the same machine?

One of the many great things about Linux is that it makes multiple installs simple! During the install process, carve off a hunk of hard drive, and most distributions happily will honor and respect your existing GRUB install. So if you can't decide which distribution you want to try, install them all! (Okay, if you install 20 distributions on one computer, you may start to run into problems keeping them straight!)

With the latest iteration of its Linux distribution, Canonical has changed its branding a bit. Although we might all speculate why it has moved on from its traditional brown themes, sadly the reality often is less exciting than speculation. True, the rebranding is due to years of planning, research and marketing decisions, but I suspect a strong underlying set of reasons:

All joking aside, the rebranding is a refreshing new look for Ubuntu. Whether it will have any effect on the marketability of Canonical's flagship product remains to be seen. For those of us who were just about browned-out though, I think it's safe to say, “Bring on the purple!”

One glance at DistroWatch will prove that Linux users like to roll their own distributions. Heck, there's even a distribution called Linux From Scratch, which you'd think would just be called Linux! If you have been itching to roll your own distribution but feared it was too complicated, Reconstructor (www.reconstructor.org) might be exactly what you need.

I've written about Reconstructor before on the Linux Journal Web site (www.linuxjournal.com/content/reconstructor-when-you-lose-your-restore-cd), and more recently, Ross Larson wrote a follow-up on how the project has progressed (www.linuxjournal.com/content/howto-customized-live-dvds-reconstructors-web-ui). One interesting new feature is that you can build your own distribution from a Web-based distro builder. Surfing over to build.reconstructor.org (and creating an account) allows you to build a custom Linux distribution and then download it.

I do have one request: please don't start a new Linux distribution to compete with all the others. We already have plenty!

We live in a society exquisitely dependent on science and technology, in which hardly anyone knows anything about science and technology.

—Carl Sagan

The most overlooked advantage to owning a computer is that if they foul up, there's no law against whacking them around a little.

—Porterfield

Any science or technology which is sufficiently advanced is indistinguishable from magic.

—Arthur C. Clarke

Any technology that is distinguishable from magic is not sufficiently advanced.

—Gregory Benford

Microsoft once made the mistake of broad-brushing Linux as an intellectual property quagmire. It made Microsoft headlines, but few friends: lawyers didn't believe it, customers didn't want to hear it, and competitors dared it to sue.

Years later, Microsoft still hasn't sued, but instead plods away at convincing the world, one patent cross-licensing agreement at a time, that everyone, everywhere owes it money for alleged violations of its IP in Linux.

—Matt Asay, Chief Operating Officer at Canonical

A year spent in artificial intelligence is enough to make one believe in God.

—Alan J. Perlis

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