Hewlett-Packard's workstation line includes the x4000, which has a number of configuration options. For our testing, HP delivered a top-of-the-line machine with two 2.2GHz Xeon processors, 4GB of RDRAM memory and a FireGL4 graphics card, running Red Hat 7.1.

Our company is a visual effects production company. From our inception we had been using SGI workstations for both interactive desktop use and for batch rendering. About two years ago we began using generic Linux workstations for batch rendering, but we were still using SGI machines for artist workstations. We now feel that the maturity of both Linux and the newer hardware solutions are to a point that they can provide far better artist workstations at a reasonable cost.

We tested this x4000 as an artist workstation, as well as a batch renderer. We installed a wide range of software and performed a representative set of tasks over the course of three weeks.

As described above, the configuration is as follows:

Software is as follows:

Most of the software that we use was developed in-house and has been ported to Linux from the SGI/IRIX environment over the last couple of years. Installing this software on the x4000 was trivial; everything copied over and worked perfectly with no changes. This is a tribute to the maturity of Linux and the expertise of HP and ATI in building compatible systems.

The x4000 was shockingly faster than the machines we had been using (admittedly old SGI O2 computers). While it is unfair to compare the x4000 to SGI machines made three years ago, it is still revealing. The x4000 with the FireGL4 graphics board could display both 2-D and 3-D information on the order of 30-50 times as fast as our old O2s. Changes by a factor of two or four are amazing, but by a factor of 40 is astonishing.

In the visual effects business, it is often true that 2-D performance is as important as 3-D performance. Much of the work involves working directly with hundreds or thousands of high-resolution film frames, doing rotoscoping by tracing the outlines of regions of an image, tracking features from frame to frame and playing back high-resolution images to examine these frames in motion. The x4000 with the FireGL4 had the best performance I have ever seen, displaying more than 250 million pixels per second. At a resolution of 1,600 × 1,200, it could display 130 frames per second. There was sufficient processing power available to do fairly complex color correction on the fly and still get better than real-time performance.

While our test machine had only a 100-baseTX network card (based on the Intel i82557 chipset), it was dramatically faster at reading frames from our file server than our other Linux boxes, often approaching 10MB/sec over NFS. This allows the animators to be much more productive, as they are not waiting so long for the next image to load.

Of course, 3-D performance is also vitally important; and it is no surprise that this x4000 gave a stellar performance in this area too. In simple tests viewing independent polygons, the machine would render 2.5 million polygons per second. One can use Alias|Wavefront's Maya to edit 100,000 polygon models with true interactive performance. In general, the 3-D performance was so astonishingly better than the performance of our SGI machines that there was no comparison whatsoever; it was also dramatically faster than the RADEON and GeForce cards on our other Linux machines.

For the three and a half weeks that we had the machine, it was used almost nonstop as a rendering server. The 2.2GHz processors were, on average, about 1.4 times as fast as the 1.3GHz Athlon processors in the rest of our renderfarm. The huge 4GB of memory allowed us to render far more complex scenes at once than we could with our other smaller computers.

The SMP capabilities of the machine were a pleasant surprise, in that the performance was almost perfectly double that of a single-processor machine. Rendering two frames took almost exactly the same time as rendering one; there was little contention for shared resources. Furthermore, the SCSI disk offloaded the processor, allowing the CPUs to run at full speed even during heavy disk access—something not found in commodity ATA-based systems. An artist could use one processor for background rendering, while doing interactive work with the other processor without much contention.

What I was most concerned with in replacing our tried-and-true SGI workstations with Linux-based desktops were the little glitches that lurk in the dark corners, unexpectedly ruining one's experience. Other UNIX-based workstations don't have nearly the price/performance ratio of PCs, but they are relatively bulletproof. The qualification and testing that SGI or Sun put their machines through guarantees some amount of freedom from problems.

HP did their homework here and built a very solid machine. There were none of the display glitches that we find in consumer-grade machines. The FireGL4 was absolutely problem-free, no speckling pixels during refreshes, no polygons where they shouldn't be, no problems of any kind. The OpenGL drivers seem to be every bit as mature as those on other workstations.

We did have minor problems that might be expected with machines of this scale. Maya refused to run at first, claiming to be out of memory (this turned out paradoxically to be a problem of having too much memory). The 4GB in the machine is too large for the 32-bit integer that Maya was using to store the amount of free memory, wrapping around to a negative value. Booting Linux with mem=2048k yielded perfect Maya performance.

There was a bit of a learning curve for us as well with the window manager. Maya depends on using Alt-mouse button chords to move the camera. It took us longer than it should have to realize that GNOME had already intercepted these events—once we disabled those combinations our camera moves worked as they should.

With RAYZ, there was a minor marking-menu problem, but fairly simple workarounds were suggested by Silicon Grail.

The x4000 has an array of four diagnostic LEDs on the front panel. These started flashing at one point, and the code was deciphered as indicating a low CMOS battery. Reseating the battery, as suggested by the manual, caused the problem to go away.

In general, I found the problems to be remarkably few and easy to deal with. The software packages came up cleanly and easily with no configuration headaches. Companies like HP, Alias|Wavefront, Nothing Real and Silicon Grail recognize the size and importance of the Linux desktop workstation community and devote the required resources to release tested, well-qualified solutions.

HP has made a formidable computer in the x4000. At least in the fully outfitted configuration that we tested, it was a serious competitor to anything from the traditional workstation vendors. All of the advanced commercial software that we loaded worked as expected, as did our in-house software. In every particular area the performance was as high as anything we've seen, and all aspects of the machine worked synergistically to provide a great workstation.

Product Information/The Good/The Bad