C vs. C++ on Embedded Devices

We wanted to avoid C++--since we lacked the space for both the C and C++ standard libraries, choosing a C++ GUI would tie the entire device to the C++ standard libraries. We had selected C libraries and applications so we would have to compile in or add "glue" code to ensure runtime compatibility with the C++ libraries. Doing this would blend OO code with non-OO code and would increase the footprint.

Moreover, it is our experience that C is a better language than C++ for small teams working on embedded devices. While in theory OOP with C++ lets you rearrange tasks into the most effective way to solve a problem, in practice, C++ solutions are bulkier than their C counterparts.

• C++'s virtues are expensive. Advanced OOP features, such as templates and the practice of using classes in the place of primitives, to name two examples, cause unacceptable code bloat.

• A C++ compiler may generate many routines for one function (templates) or create routines where no function explicitly appeared (constructors, casts, etc.). There is generally a one-to-one relationship between a function in C code and the resulting machine-code routine. It's easier to optimize what you can see than what you must infer.

• Virtual methods and polymorphism complicate runtime linking and require many relocations. This slows C++ application launch time considerably. C applications are both simple to link and amenable to lazy linking, so they load quickly. (For details, see Waldo Bastian's paper ``Making C++ Ready for the Desktop'', http://www.suse.de/~bastian/Export/linking.txt.)

• Each class with virtual methods has an associated vtable array, which adds memory overhead.

• C++'s tighter type-checking makes it difficult to write the space-conscious code reuse common to C applications (think: void *).

• The small, simple code demanded of embedded projects provides maintainability. There is no reason to assume OOP will further simplify such systems.

• GUIs may not have a simple solution in a rigorous OOP model.

• It's easy to get carried away and start doing OOP for OOP's sake. The One True Object Model may describe a problem perfectly, but it comes at the cost of excessive code.

  Carefully written C code can be much faster than C++ code, especially on embedded hardware. GTK+'s hand-crafted object system offers much better spatial locality than C++'s more numerous and distributed constructors. Our device has a tiny cache, so locality is an especially important performance consideration.