| Command | Usefulness |
|---|---|
| head | Presents 1st N lines of text |
| tail | Presents last N lines of text |
| tac | Reverses concatenation of files |
| fmt | Reformats text - limiting the maximum line width |
| fold | Breaks up text lines into shorter lines |
| nl | Produces line numbered output |
| tr | Mainly translates text according to a substitution pattern |
| pr | Formats text for printing |
| basename | Displays file component of a file path |
| dirname | Displays directory parts of a file path |